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Teaching has not always been a white woman’s field. Before Brown v. Board of Education, 82,000 African American educators were responsible for the education of some 2 million African American learners.
Tillman’s (2004) review of Brown v. Board of Education clarified that the ruling inadvertently led to more than 38,000 African American educators in the 17 Southern and border states being terminated from their positions as a result of “integration.” There were also significant declines in candidates entering the profession — a 66% drop from 1975 to 1985.
With new requirements around certification and preparation program admission standards put into place in the 1980s, an additional 21,000 Black teachers were displaced. By 2001, African American teachers represented 6% of the public school teaching force, despite African American students representing 17% of the student population.
Bond, B., Quintero, E., Casey, L., & Di Carlo, M. (2015, September). The state of teacher diversity in American education. Albert Shanker Institute.
Bonner-Reed, J., George, D., Woodard, C., & Heard, J. (2020, October 8). Investing in adult learners: Recruiting, supporting, and retaining educators of color in a virtual world. [Webinar]. learningforward.org/webinar/investing-in-adult-learners-recruiting-supporting-and-retaining-educators-of-color-in-a-virtual-world/
Carver-Thomas, D. (2018). Diversifying the teaching profession: How to recruit and retain teachers of color. Learning Policy Institute.
D’Amico, D., Pawlewicz, R.J., Earley, P.M., & McGeehan, A.P. (2017). Where are all the Black teachers? Discrimination in the teacher labor market. Harvard Educational Review, 87(1), 26-49.
Goldhaber, D. & Hansen, M. (2010). Race, gender, and teacher testing: How informative a tool is teacher licensure testing? American Educational Research Journal, 47, 218-251.
Griffin, A. & Tackie, H. (2016). Through our eyes: Perspectives and reflections from Black teachers. edtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ThroughOurEyes.pdf
Grissom, J.A. & Redding, C. (2016). Discretion and disproportionality: Explaining the underrepresentation of high-achieving students of color in gifted programs. AERA Open. journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2332858415622175
King, J. & Darling-Hammond, L. (2018). We’re not doing enough to support teachers of color. The Hechinger Report.hechingerreport.org/opinion-we-arent-doing-enough-to-support-teachers-of-color/
National Center for Education Statistics. (2019). Characteristics of public school teachers. nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_clr.asp
National Center for Teacher Residencies. (2018, August 14). Who we are. What we do. Why we do it. nctresidencies.org/research/who-we-are-what-we-do-why-we-do-it/
Petchauer, E. (2012). Teacher licensure exams and Black teacher candidates: Toward new theory and promising practice. Journal of Negro Education, 81, 252-267.
Scott-Clayton, J. & Li, J. (2016). Black-white disparity in student loan debt more than triples after graduation. Brookings Institution.
Taie, S. & Goldring, R. (2017). Characteristics of public elementary and secondary school teachers in the United States: Results from the 2015-16 National Teacher and Principal Survey First Look (NCES 2017-072). U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics.
Tillman, L.C. (2004). (Un) intended consequences? The impact of the Brown v. Board of Education decision on the employment status of Black educators. Education and Urban Society, 36(3), 280-303.
Villegas, A.M. & Davis, D.E. (2008). Preparing teachers of color to confront racial/ethnic disparities in educational outcomes. In M. Cochran-Smith, S. Feiman-Nemser, D.J. Mclntyre, & K. Demers (Eds.), Handbook on research in teacher education (pp. 583-605). Routledge.
Villegas, A.M. & Irvine, J.J. (2010). Diversifying the teaching force: An examination of major arguments. Urban Review: Issues and Ideas in Public Education, 42(3), 175-192.
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