All teachers of mathematics want to know that our teaching is causing students to develop deep and lasting understanding of math concepts, fluency with mathematical procedures, competence in solving problems, and a positive relationship with mathematics. Unfortunately, the relationship between teaching and learning is not always clear. The dynamics of a classroom are complex, making it difficult to know which teaching moves lead to specific student outcomes. When we try to link our teaching to students’ learning, we may feel we are looking into a black box, a space containing countless elements that may or may not positively affect student achievement (Black & Wiliam, 2010). Through deliberate reflection, however, we can examine the influence of specific teaching practices on student learning outcomes (Huinker & Bill,