References

Atkin, J.M. & Black, P. (2003). Inside science education reform: A history of curricular and policy change. New York: Teachers College Press.

Ball, D.L. & Bass, H. (2000). Interweaving content and pedagogy in teaching and learning to teach: Knowing and using mathematics. In J. Boaler (Ed.), Multiple perspectives on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 83-104).Westport, CT: Ablex.

Gallagher, L.P. & Penuel,W.R. (2009, April). Preparing teachers to design instruction in middle school Earth science: Impacts of three professional development programs on student learning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Hill, H.C., Rowan, B., & Ball, D.L. (2005, Summer). Effects of teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching on student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 42(2), 371-406.

Ingersoll, R.M. (2003, September). Is there really a teacher shortage?Seattle,WA: Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy.

Odden, A., Archibald, S., Fermanich, M., & Gallagher, H.A. (2002). A cost framework for professional development. Journal of Education Finance, 28(1), 51-74.

Penuel,W.R., Benbow, A., Mably, C., McWilliams, H., McAuliffe, C., & Hayden, M.M. (2009). Teaching for understanding in Earth science: Comparing impacts on planning and instruction in three professional development designs for middle school science teachers. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 20(5), 415-436.

Penuel,W.R. & Gallagher, L.P. (2009). Comparing three approaches to preparing teachers to teach for deep understanding in Earth science: Short-term impacts on teachers and teaching practice. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 18(4), 461-508.

Wiggins, G. & McTighe, J. (1998). Understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.